{"dataset":"property-costs-2026","description":"Property buying costs, taxes, mortgage access, rental yields, and capital gains rates for foreign buyers across popular relocation destinations.","methodology":"Closing costs include buyer-side transfer taxes, stamp duties, notary, legal fees. Annual tax as % of assessed value. Yields are national averages for moderate areas. Tax rates for non-resident individuals.","license":"CC BY 4.0","source":"https://getwherenext.com/data/property-costs-2026","updated":"2026-10-01","countryCount":20,"countries":[{"countryCode":"TH","countryName":"Thailand","foreignOwnership":"restricted","restrictionNote":"Condos only (49% foreign quota per building). Land prohibited.","closingCostMinPct":1,"closingCostMaxPct":2,"annualTaxMinPct":0.02,"annualTaxMaxPct":0.3,"annualTaxNote":"Land & Building Tax. Residential: 0.02% up to THB 50M.","mortgageAvailable":false,"mortgageLtvMinPct":0,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":0,"mortgageRateMinPct":0,"mortgageRateMaxPct":0,"avgGrossYieldPct":5.5,"rentalTaxRatePct":15,"rentalTaxNote":"15% withholding on gross rental income for non-residents.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":20,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"No flat CGT: withholding at progressive personal rates by holding period, capped at 20% of the sale price; SBT 3.3% if sold within 5 years, else 0.5% stamp duty.","avgPricePerSqmUsd":3500,"residencyViaProperty":false,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":null,"residencyNote":"No property-linked visa. Thailand Privilege Card from THB 650K (5yr, 2026 price list).","currency":"THB","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"ID","countryName":"Bali (Indonesia)","foreignOwnership":"restricted","restrictionNote":"Residence-permit holders may hold Hak Pakai (right-of-use) title and qualifying strata units under PP 18/2021, subject to minimum prices and a one-property limit; nominee arrangements ILLEGAL","closingCostMinPct":2,"closingCostMaxPct":3,"annualTaxMinPct":0.01,"annualTaxMaxPct":0.05,"annualTaxNote":"PBB is very low (~$100-500/yr). Based on government-assessed value.","mortgageAvailable":false,"mortgageLtvMinPct":0,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":0,"mortgageRateMinPct":0,"mortgageRateMaxPct":0,"avgGrossYieldPct":10,"rentalTaxRatePct":10,"rentalTaxNote":"10% withholding on gross rental income.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":2.5,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"2.5% on gross sale price (not on gain).","avgPricePerSqmUsd":2000,"residencyViaProperty":false,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":null,"residencyNote":"No property-linked visa. Second Home Visa requires $130K bank deposit.","currency":"IDR","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"PA","countryName":"Panama","foreignOwnership":"yes","restrictionNote":"No restrictions. Dollar economy.","closingCostMinPct":2,"closingCostMaxPct":5,"annualTaxMinPct":0,"annualTaxMaxPct":0.75,"annualTaxNote":"Progressive 0-0.75%. New builds get 5-20 year tax exemption.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":50,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":70,"mortgageRateMinPct":5,"mortgageRateMaxPct":7,"avgGrossYieldPct":6.9,"rentalTaxRatePct":15,"rentalTaxNote":"Progressive up to 25%. First $11K exempt.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":10,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"10% of the gain, with a 3% advance on the sale price (Form 107) that the seller may treat as final.","avgPricePerSqmUsd":1881,"residencyViaProperty":true,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":300000,"residencyNote":"Qualified Investor permanent residency from USD 300,000 in real estate (MICI, 2026; securities USD 500,000, bank deposit USD 750,000); Friendly Nations residency otherwise needs a job or USD 200K in property.","currency":"USD","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"EC","countryName":"Ecuador","foreignOwnership":"restricted","restrictionNote":"Open to foreigners except a 20 km national-border security zone; coastal purchases are allowed","closingCostMinPct":2,"closingCostMaxPct":5,"annualTaxMinPct":0,"annualTaxMaxPct":0.25,"annualTaxNote":"None for properties under $25K value. Low rates above.","mortgageAvailable":false,"mortgageLtvMinPct":0,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":0,"mortgageRateMinPct":0,"mortgageRateMaxPct":0,"avgGrossYieldPct":7,"rentalTaxRatePct":25,"rentalTaxNote":"Progressive rates up to 37%. First ~$11K exempt.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":0,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"Occasional sales of housing by natural persons are exempt from income tax (2021 reform; first transfer of any property exempt until November 2026). Municipal plusvalía may still apply.","avgPricePerSqmUsd":1000,"residencyViaProperty":true,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":48200,"residencyNote":"Investor visa from $48,200 (100 basic wages, 2026) property investment.","currency":"USD","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"CO","countryName":"Colombia","foreignOwnership":"yes","restrictionNote":"No restrictions — equal treatment for foreigners","closingCostMinPct":3,"closingCostMaxPct":5,"annualTaxMinPct":0.5,"annualTaxMaxPct":1.6,"annualTaxNote":"Predial (property tax) based on cadastral value.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":50,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":70,"mortgageRateMinPct":8,"mortgageRateMaxPct":12,"avgGrossYieldPct":6.5,"rentalTaxRatePct":35,"rentalTaxNote":"35% flat for non-residents on Colombian-source rental income (DIAN).","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":15,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"15% on occasional gains (ganancias ocasionales) for non-residents. 10% for residents holding 2+ years.","avgPricePerSqmUsd":1200,"residencyViaProperty":true,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":150000,"residencyNote":"Investor visa from ~$150K property investment.","currency":"COP","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"CR","countryName":"Costa Rica","foreignOwnership":"yes","restrictionNote":"No restrictions — equal rights for foreigners","closingCostMinPct":3.5,"closingCostMaxPct":5,"annualTaxMinPct":0.25,"annualTaxMaxPct":0.25,"annualTaxNote":"0.25% of registered value. Luxury home tax (0.25%) above ₡137M.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":50,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":70,"mortgageRateMinPct":7,"mortgageRateMaxPct":10,"avgGrossYieldPct":7.6,"rentalTaxRatePct":15,"rentalTaxNote":"15% on net rental income above ₡863K/month.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":15,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"15% on capital gains (introduced 2019).","avgPricePerSqmUsd":1800,"residencyViaProperty":false,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":null,"residencyNote":"No property-linked visa. Pensionado from $1,000/mo, Rentista from $2,500/mo.","currency":"CRC","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"TR","countryName":"Turkey","foreignOwnership":"restricted","restrictionNote":"Eligible nationalities may acquire up to 30 hectares; prohibited military/security zones are excluded, special security zones need permission, and foreign ownership is capped at 10% of each district.","closingCostMinPct":4,"closingCostMaxPct":6,"annualTaxMinPct":0.1,"annualTaxMaxPct":0.6,"annualTaxNote":"Property tax 0.1-0.6% depending on type and location.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":50,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":70,"mortgageRateMinPct":8,"mortgageRateMaxPct":15,"avgGrossYieldPct":7,"rentalTaxRatePct":20,"rentalTaxNote":"Progressive 15–40%. First TRY 58,000 of residential rent exempt (2026).","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":0,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"Exempt if held 5+ years. Otherwise progressive.","avgPricePerSqmUsd":1200,"residencyViaProperty":true,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":400000,"residencyNote":"Citizenship from $400K property. Short-term residency from $200K.","currency":"TRY","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"MX","countryName":"Mexico","foreignOwnership":"restricted","restrictionNote":"Fideicomiso bank trust required in restricted zone (50km coast, 100km border)","closingCostMinPct":4,"closingCostMaxPct":7,"annualTaxMinPct":0.1,"annualTaxMaxPct":0.3,"annualTaxNote":"Predial (property tax) is extremely low. Plus fideicomiso annual fee $500-700.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":50,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":65,"mortgageRateMinPct":8,"mortgageRateMaxPct":12,"avgGrossYieldPct":5.8,"rentalTaxRatePct":25,"rentalTaxNote":"ISR progressive rates apply. ~25% effective rate on net rental income.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":25,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"Non-residents: 25% of the gross sale price withheld by the notary, or 35% of the net gain with a Mexican tax representative (LISR art. 160).","avgPricePerSqmUsd":1715,"residencyViaProperty":false,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":null,"residencyNote":"No property-linked visa. Mexican mortgages available (Intercam, BBVA) at 8-12% but most foreigners buy cash or use US HELOC. Residente Temporal from ~$2,800/mo income.","currency":"MXN","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"JP","countryName":"Japan","foreignOwnership":"yes","restrictionNote":"No restrictions — one of Asia's most open markets","closingCostMinPct":6,"closingCostMaxPct":8,"annualTaxMinPct":1,"annualTaxMaxPct":1.7,"annualTaxNote":"Fixed asset tax (1.4%) + city planning tax (0.3%) on assessed value.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":50,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":70,"mortgageRateMinPct":1.5,"mortgageRateMaxPct":3,"avgGrossYieldPct":4.5,"rentalTaxRatePct":20,"rentalTaxNote":"Non-resident: 20.42% withholding on gross rent.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":30,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"39% if held <5 years, 20% if held 5+ years (for non-residents).","avgPricePerSqmUsd":5000,"residencyViaProperty":false,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":null,"residencyNote":"No property-linked visa.","currency":"JPY","lastVerified":"2026-04-02"},{"countryCode":"AE","countryName":"Dubai (UAE)","foreignOwnership":"restricted","restrictionNote":"Freehold in 20+ designated areas only","closingCostMinPct":7,"closingCostMaxPct":8,"annualTaxMinPct":0,"annualTaxMaxPct":0,"annualTaxNote":"Zero property tax. Service charges AED 10-35/sqft/year are the main ongoing cost.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":50,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":65,"mortgageRateMinPct":4.5,"mortgageRateMaxPct":5.5,"avgGrossYieldPct":6.6,"rentalTaxRatePct":0,"rentalTaxNote":"Zero income tax on rental income for individuals.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":0,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"Zero capital gains tax for individuals.","avgPricePerSqmUsd":5570,"residencyViaProperty":true,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":545000,"residencyNote":"Golden Visa from AED 2,000,000 (~$545K) property.","currency":"AED","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"FR","countryName":"France","foreignOwnership":"yes","restrictionNote":"No restrictions for any nationality","closingCostMinPct":7,"closingCostMaxPct":9,"annualTaxMinPct":0.5,"annualTaxMaxPct":2,"annualTaxNote":"Taxe foncière varies by commune. Taxe d'habitation still applies to 2nd homes (+60% surcharge in demand zones).","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":70,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":80,"mortgageRateMinPct":3,"mortgageRateMaxPct":4,"avgGrossYieldPct":3.5,"rentalTaxRatePct":37,"rentalTaxNote":"Minimum 20% income tax (30% above ~€29K) plus 17.2% social levies (7.5% solidarity levy for EEA/UK residents) ≈ 37% effective for non-residents.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":36,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"19% + 17.2% social charges = 36.2%. Reduced by holding period after 5 years.","avgPricePerSqmUsd":4500,"residencyViaProperty":false,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":null,"residencyNote":"No property-linked residency. Supports visa applications.","currency":"EUR","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"NL","countryName":"Netherlands","foreignOwnership":"yes","restrictionNote":"No restrictions","closingCostMinPct":6,"closingCostMaxPct":10,"annualTaxMinPct":0.1,"annualTaxMaxPct":0.3,"annualTaxNote":"OZB (municipal rates). Relatively low.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":60,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":80,"mortgageRateMinPct":3.5,"mortgageRateMaxPct":4.5,"avgGrossYieldPct":4,"rentalTaxRatePct":36,"rentalTaxNote":"Box 3 taxation: deemed return on assets taxed at 36% (2026; €59,357 tax-free per person).","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":36,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"No separate CGT: property sits in the Box 3 deemed-return regime taxed at 36% (2026).","avgPricePerSqmUsd":4200,"residencyViaProperty":false,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":null,"residencyNote":"No property-linked residency.","currency":"EUR","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"GR","countryName":"Greece","foreignOwnership":"restricted","restrictionNote":"Border zone permit needed in some areas. Otherwise open.","closingCostMinPct":7,"closingCostMaxPct":10,"annualTaxMinPct":0.1,"annualTaxMaxPct":1.15,"annualTaxNote":"ENFIA based on property value, location, age. Paid annually.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":50,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":70,"mortgageRateMinPct":3.5,"mortgageRateMaxPct":5,"avgGrossYieldPct":4.6,"rentalTaxRatePct":15,"rentalTaxNote":"Progressive 15-45%. First €12K at 15%. Non-residents taxed same as residents.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":0,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"The 15% property capital-gains tax is suspended through 31 December 2026 (Income Tax Code art. 41), so 0% applies to 2026 sales.","avgPricePerSqmUsd":3230,"residencyViaProperty":true,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":290550,"residencyNote":"Golden Visa from €400K (€800K across Attica, Thessaloniki, the Mykonos and Thira regional units and islands over 3,100 inhabitants; €250K only for conversion and listed-building projects).","currency":"EUR","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"GB","countryName":"United Kingdom","foreignOwnership":"yes","restrictionNote":"No general restriction on foreign buyers; overseas entities that own UK land must register with the Register of Overseas Entities. SDLT figures describe England and Northern Ireland — Scotland uses LBTT and Wales uses LTT, with separate bands.","closingCostMinPct":4,"closingCostMaxPct":14,"annualTaxMinPct":0.59,"annualTaxMaxPct":1.76,"annualTaxNote":"Council Tax is a banded charge based on 1991 values in England, not an ad-valorem property tax. Indicative 0.59–1.76% uses 2026–27 England average Band D £2,392 × Band A (6/9) / H (18/9), divided by £272K UK HPI average; local bills differ.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":60,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":75,"mortgageRateMinPct":4.52,"mortgageRateMaxPct":5.99,"avgGrossYieldPct":6.15,"rentalTaxRatePct":20,"rentalTaxNote":"NRL Scheme: agent or tenant normally withholds 20% basic-rate tax unless HMRC authorises gross payment; this is withholding, not final tax. File Self Assessment: England, Northern Ireland and Wales income-tax bands of 20%, 40% and 45% depend on the landlord's tax residence; Scottish taxpayers have different rates. The property's location does not itself set a non-resident owner's income-tax bands. The £12,570 Personal Allowance is only available to eligible British/EEA citizens, certain Crown service, or treaty-entitled landlords.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":24,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"Residential-property gains are taxed at 18% or 24% depending on taxable income; non-residents must report and pay within 60 days of completion.","avgPricePerSqmUsd":3820,"residencyViaProperty":false,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":null,"residencyNote":"Property ownership does not provide residency. The Tier 1 (Investor) route closed to new applications on 17 February 2022.","currency":"GBP","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"MY","countryName":"Malaysia","foreignOwnership":"restricted","restrictionNote":"Minimum price thresholds (RM 1M+ in most states). MM2H visa may be required.","closingCostMinPct":9,"closingCostMaxPct":10,"annualTaxMinPct":0.01,"annualTaxMaxPct":0.02,"annualTaxNote":"Cukai Tanah (quit rent) + Cukai Taksiran (assessment). Very low.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":60,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":70,"mortgageRateMinPct":4,"mortgageRateMaxPct":5,"avgGrossYieldPct":5,"rentalTaxRatePct":30,"rentalTaxNote":"Non-resident flat rate 30% on rental income (from YA 2020, LHDN).","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":30,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"RPGT for non-citizens: 30% if sold within 5 years, 10% from the sixth year onward.","avgPricePerSqmUsd":1500,"residencyViaProperty":false,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":null,"residencyNote":"MM2H visa requires financial thresholds (not property-linked directly).","currency":"MYR","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"ES","countryName":"Spain","foreignOwnership":"yes","restrictionNote":"No nationality restrictions; non-EU buyers need a military authorisation only in designated zones of the coast and borders (rare in practice)","closingCostMinPct":8,"closingCostMaxPct":13,"annualTaxMinPct":0.4,"annualTaxMaxPct":1.1,"annualTaxNote":"IBI on cadastral value. Non-residents also pay imputed income tax even if NOT rented.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":60,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":70,"mortgageRateMinPct":2.5,"mortgageRateMaxPct":4.5,"avgGrossYieldPct":6.2,"rentalTaxRatePct":24,"rentalTaxNote":"24% on GROSS for non-EU. 19% on NET for EU/EEA. Significant difference.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":19,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"19% flat on the gain for all non-residents (IRNR). The buyer withholds 3% of the price on account, reclaimable against the final tax.","avgPricePerSqmUsd":3399,"residencyViaProperty":false,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":null,"residencyNote":"Golden Visa ended Apr 2025. Non-lucrative visa or digital nomad visa.","currency":"EUR","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"PT","countryName":"Portugal","foreignOwnership":"yes","restrictionNote":"No restrictions for any nationality","closingCostMinPct":10,"closingCostMaxPct":12,"annualTaxMinPct":0.3,"annualTaxMaxPct":0.45,"annualTaxNote":"IMI on taxable patrimonial value (below market). AIMI wealth surcharge above €600K.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":60,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":75,"mortgageRateMinPct":3.3,"mortgageRateMaxPct":4.5,"avgGrossYieldPct":6.2,"rentalTaxRatePct":25,"rentalTaxNote":"25% autonomous rate on residential rent for non-residents (IRS art. 72, Lei 56/2023); 15% / 10% / 5% for 5-10 / 10-20 / 20+ year leases; 10% for moderated-rent leases to 2029 (EBF art. 45-C, DL 97/2026).","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":24,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"Since 2023 non-residents follow the resident rule: 50% of the gain is added to income at progressive IRS rates (up to 48%), so at most ~24% effective before the solidarity surtax of 2.5–5% on very high incomes (Lei 24-D/2022; CIRS art. 68-A).","avgPricePerSqmUsd":3727,"residencyViaProperty":false,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":null,"residencyNote":"Golden Visa ended Oct 2023. D7 visa from €920/mo passive income.","currency":"EUR","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"IT","countryName":"Italy","foreignOwnership":"yes","restrictionNote":"Reciprocity principle (US, UK, Canada, EU OK)","closingCostMinPct":7,"closingCostMaxPct":15,"annualTaxMinPct":0.4,"annualTaxMaxPct":0.76,"annualTaxNote":"IMU on cadastral value. No IMU on primary residence (except luxury). TARI (waste tax) also applies.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":50,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":60,"mortgageRateMinPct":3,"mortgageRateMaxPct":4.5,"avgGrossYieldPct":8,"rentalTaxRatePct":21,"rentalTaxNote":"Cedolare secca: 21% flat (26% for 2nd+ short-term rental). Optional vs progressive.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":26,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"26% flat on gains. Exempt if held 5+ years as primary residence.","avgPricePerSqmUsd":2361,"residencyViaProperty":false,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":null,"residencyNote":"No direct pathway. Elective residency visa for passive income earners.","currency":"EUR","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"DE","countryName":"Germany","foreignOwnership":"yes","restrictionNote":"No restrictions","closingCostMinPct":10,"closingCostMaxPct":15,"annualTaxMinPct":0.3,"annualTaxMaxPct":0.8,"annualTaxNote":"Grundsteuer (reformed 2025). Varies significantly by municipality.","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":60,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":70,"mortgageRateMinPct":3.5,"mortgageRateMaxPct":4.5,"avgGrossYieldPct":6.1,"rentalTaxRatePct":25,"rentalTaxNote":"Progressive 14–45% on net German rental income (2026 tariff); ~25% typical for a mid-size portfolio. No flat non-resident rate.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":0,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"Exempt if held 10+ years (Spekulationsfrist). Otherwise progressive.","avgPricePerSqmUsd":3034,"residencyViaProperty":false,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":null,"residencyNote":"No property-linked residency.","currency":"EUR","lastVerified":"2026-09-06"},{"countryCode":"SG","countryName":"Singapore","foreignOwnership":"restricted","restrictionNote":"Condos freely. Landed property needs government approval. 60% ABSD surcharge for foreigners.","closingCostMinPct":61,"closingCostMaxPct":66,"annualTaxMinPct":0,"annualTaxMaxPct":0.16,"annualTaxNote":"Property tax 0-16% of Annual Value (higher for non-owner-occupied).","mortgageAvailable":true,"mortgageLtvMinPct":45,"mortgageLtvMaxPct":75,"mortgageRateMinPct":3.5,"mortgageRateMaxPct":4.5,"avgGrossYieldPct":3,"rentalTaxRatePct":24,"rentalTaxNote":"Non-resident: 24% on net rental income from YA 2024 (was 22%). Expenses deductible.","capitalGainsTaxRatePct":0,"capitalGainsTaxNote":"No capital gains tax in Singapore.","avgPricePerSqmUsd":15000,"residencyViaProperty":false,"residencyMinInvestmentUsd":null,"residencyNote":"No property-linked residency.","currency":"SGD","lastVerified":"2026-09-24"}]}